Intro

We have previously introduced many different types of variables. If we store many variables of the same type together and can use them without having to set the variable name again, we call this collection of data elements an “array”. The data stored in an array must be of the same type (e.g. all Strings).

• The data is stored using consecutive addresses in memory. Let's say the first element of an int array has the address 0x0004. Since an int element occupies 4 bytes, the address of the second element is 0x0008.
• The advantage of using an array is that each element has its corresponding “index” (index), which is convenient for access; but because it uses consecutive memory addresses, if you want to delete one of the elements, you have to move the data before and after it, which is troublesome.
• Supplementary explanation: Arrays store elements of the same data type. What if the data types are different?
  → In object-oriented languages, we would put it in a class; in procedural programming languages, we would store it in a structure.

One-Dimensional Array

To declare an array, we place square brackets [ ] after the variable type, enclose the following content in curly brackets, and separate with commas :

//variableType[] variableName = {}
String[] cars = {"Telsa","Benz","BMW"};      //字串陣列內容用雙引號""包起來
int[] num = {12 , 6 , 2001};
char[] character = {'C','H','I'};            //字元陣列內容用單引號''包起來

To read the elements in an array, you access the contents via the index value. Note in particular that the index value for the first element in the array must start from 0, so you need to be careful when accessing the contents.

int[] grade = {65,94,83,100};    //index: 0,1,2,3. grade:65,94,83,100
System.out.println(grade[1]);    //Outputs : 94
grade[3] = 54;                   //改變陣列內元素內容
System.out.println(grade[3]);    //Outputs : 54(not 100)

• Array length and loop:
  Sometimes we may need the array length, for example, to set it as a condition for judgment in a loop. In this case, you can use the keyword “length”
  →Unlike the index values mentioned above, which all start from 0, the length simply counts the number of elements.

String[] name = {"Chi","Jason","Johnson","Jackson"};
int control,condition;
condition = name.length;          //用法 : arrayname.length   //condtion = 4
for(control = 0;control < condition ;control++){
	System.out.println(name[control]);
}

Multi-Dimensional Array

The concept of a two-dimensional array is a bit difficult to understand at first. To put it simply, we can think of it as two one-dimensional arrays. The declaration method is to add two brackets after the variable type, and the content part will be wrapped in two curly brackets. The brackets and the elements and elements are separated by commas, and the outermost layer is wrapped in another curly bracket.

//variableType[][] variableName = { {} , {} };
int[][] numbers = {{1,2,3},{5,6,7,8}};    
System.out.println(numbers[0][1]);    //Outputs : 2
System.out.println(numbers[1][0]);    //Outputs : 5

• Program analysis: The first set of brackets indicates how many one-dimensional arrays there are, and the second set of brackets, in conjunction with the first set, indicates how many elements there are in each respective array (e.g., the second element of the second array → number[1][1]).
  → Like regular arrays, they are accessed using index.
  In addition to calculating the length of the array, two-dimensional arrays can also calculate how many elements there are in each of the two one-dimensional arrays.

int[][] grade = {{54,26,89,67,71},{66,34,54,98}};
grade.length  -> 有幾個一維陣列 //outputs 2
grade[i].length -> 一維陣列中各有幾個元素  //number[0].length ->第一個陣列中有5個元素
																						//number[1].lenght ->第二個陣列中有4個元素